A microinverter is a device used in solar energy systems that converts electricity from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) at the individual panel level.

Unlike traditional inverters that manage multiple panels at once, microinverters are installed on each solar panel. This allows each panel to operate independently and convert electricity directly at the source.

According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, module-level power electronics like microinverters can improve system performance by optimizing output at the individual panel level¹.

How microinverters work

Microinverters convert electricity at each solar panel instead of at a central location.

Here are the steps:

1. Each solar panel generates DC electricity

2. A microinverter converts DC to AC at the panel

3. Electricity flows directly into the home’s electrical system

Because conversion happens at each panel, performance is not dependent on a single central inverter.

Microinverter vs. string inverter

Microinverters and string inverters perform the same function but operate differently.

• Microinverter: installed on each panel; panels operate independently

• String inverter: connects multiple panels together in a series

With string inverters, the performance of one panel can affect others in the same string. Microinverters reduce this impact by isolating each panel’s output.

Microinverter benefits

Microinverters can influence overall system performance and reliability.

They help:

• Improve energy production in partially shaded conditions

• Allow each panel to operate independently

• Provide more detailed system monitoring at the panel level

• Reduce the impact of individual panel issues on total system output

The U.S. Department of Energy notes that system design choices, including inverter type, can affect overall solar performance and efficiency².

How microinverters relate to residential solar systems

Microinverters are commonly used in residential solar installations, especially in situations where roof conditions vary.

This includes:

• Roofs with partial shading

• Systems with multiple roof angles or orientations

• Homes where maximizing individual panel performance is important

With providers like Sunrun, system design decisions like inverter type, are typically determined during the planning process to match the specific layout and energy needs of the home.

Takeaways

• A microinverter converts DC electricity to AC at each solar panel

• It allows panels to operate independently rather than as a group

• Microinverters can improve performance in certain conditions like shading

• They provide more detailed monitoring and system visibility

• Inverter choice is an important part of overall solar system design